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Do kids need daylight? Studies confirm that kids benefit when they are exposed to outoor levels of illumination -- levels that far exceed the lighting of a typical classroom.
Bright light boosts mood and concentration. It may help prevent disease, circadian rhythm disorders, and near-sightedness. And new research suggests that bright light has a crucial impact on the brain: It may foster the formation of new synapses, and enhance our ability to learn.
Let's start with a basic observation. It's very bright outside, even when you compare a brightly lit classroom to a relatively dark, overcast day outdoors.
Measured in units called "lux," a typical, cloudless day may exceed 100,000 lux. A cloudy day may still be as bright as 10,000 to 40,000 lux, and even a rather gloomy, overcast day in Seattle is likely to reach 1,000 lux.
By contrast, the lighting we encounter indoors is much dimmer, ranging from about 50 lux (watching TV in the living room) to 500 lux (a brightly lit classroom).
So we encounter radically different lighting conditions when we spend our lives indoors, and that's worrying. The bright light levels found outside aren't just beneficial to photosynthesizing plants. They are also crucial for human beings. And this is true for children as well as adults. Consider these benefits.
1. Bright light improves mood.
You've probably noticed that bright light has a cheering effect.
It improves mood (Leichtfried et al 2015; Gabel et al 2013; Te Kulve et al 2017), and studies show that bright light therapy is an effective treatment for depression (Maruani and Geoffroy 2019).
2. Daily exposure to very bright light (e.g., 15,000 lux or higher) might protect kids from developing near-sightedness.
As I note elsewhere, research has found that outdoor play lowers a child's risk of developing nearsightedness. Researchers haven't yet pinned down the reason, but experimental studies point to the effects of light. Animals raised under controlled lighting conditions are less likely to develop nearsightedness if they are exposed to daytime light levels exceeding 15,000 lux (Norton 2017).
3. Sunlight helps children produce adequate levels of vitamin D, and vitamin D sufficiency protects kids from a variety of undesirable health outcomes.
Kids with low vitamin D levels are at increased risk for poor bone health (Borg et al 2018), cardiovascular disease (El-Fakhri et al 2014), and reduced muscle function (Carson et al 2015; Hazel et al 2012).
There is also evidence that low vitamin D status could be a trigger for early puberty in girls (Chew and Harris 2013). And vitamin D deficiency has been linked with inferior mental planning skills (Grung et al 2017).
4. Sunlight appears to protect children from developing multiple sclerosis (MS) later in life.
Numerous studies have reported this link. Lots of sunlight exposure during childhood reduces an individual's risk of MS, and this appears to be true regardless of an individual's vitamin D status. The sunlight itself seems to be helpful (Hoel et al 2016).
5. Sunlight exposure -- in the morning and afternoon -- can help prevent delayed bedtimes and behavior problems.
When kids stay up too late, they are more likely to experience attention problems during the day (Chellappa et al 2011), and that can get them in trouble.
But why don't kids go to sleep on time? For many kids, part of the problem is lighting: They get too little sunlight during the day, and too much artificial lighting at night. As a result, their "inner clocks" get out of sync with the natural, 24-hour day. Their circadian rhythms are out of whack.
The cure? It's important to avoid artificial lighting at night. But researchers have shown that kids need daylight, too: A dose of bright morning light can help kids with chronic bedtime problems get back on track (van Mannen et al 2017).
And what about mental performance? Does bright daylight make kids smarter?
We've already noted that vitamin D levels have been linked with mental planning skills, and late bedtimes can contribute to attention problems. So exposure to bright light might boost mental performance by these indirect routes.
We've also seen that bright light enhances mood, which could be an important motivator at school. In a study of more than two hundred 10-year-olds, researchers found that kids preferred classrooms that were very brightly lit (1,300 to 4,400 lux) to classrooms that were lit at much lower, more traditional levels (250-740 lux).
But it's likely that bright light has additional benefits.
For example, there is evidence that children read more fluently in classrooms that are very brightly-lit (Mott et al 2011; Mott et al 2014). Kids may perform better on mathematics tests, too (Choi and Suk 2016).
And recent experiments on animals suggest an additional possibility:
Maybe bright light has a direct effect on our ability to learn. Take that bright light away -- keep us indoors, in dimly-lit rooms -- and we might suffer learning deficits.
The experiments were performed on Nile grass rats, a species that sleeps at night and remains active during the day, just as humans do.
From the beginning of the study, a group of 24 male rats were kept on strict schedules of 12 hours of constant lighting followed by 12 hours of darkness. But individual rats experienced differences in light intensity (Soler et al 2018).
- Some rats were randomly assigned to experience daytime light levels of 1,000 lux (similar to that of a rather dark, overcast day).
- Other rats were randomly assigned to experience daytime light levels of just 50 lux (similar to the lighting typical of many people's living rooms).
The rats stayed on their schedules for 4 weeks, at which point they were introduced to a problem-solving challenge called the Morris Water Maze.
During this challenge, each rat was placed in a pool of water. The water was made opaque by nontoxic, white paint, which concealed the existence of a resting platform just under the water's surface.
Rats had to swim until they discovered the resting platform -- something they were highly motivated to find.
But once they did, they had the opportunity to commit the location to memory. That's because the researchers had provided rats with a kind of landmark -- a distinctive geometric shape placed on the inside of the pool's wall. If a rat remembered the landmark, it would be able to quickly find the platform the next time it was placed in the pool.
The question was: How readily would rats learn?
All of the rats had the same opportunities. They were placed in the pool twice each day for 5 days running. And all of the rats showed signs of learning -- they made their way to the hidden platform more quickly as the days went by.
But during each morning session, the rats housed under dim light "living room" conditions performed worse than the "bright light" rats -- as if they had forgotten more overnight.
And when the researchers gave the rats a longer break -- 24 hours between challenges -- the dim light "living room" rats showed a pronounced learning deficit.
Whereas the "bright light" rats had no trouble zeroing in on the location of the platform, the rats living with dim light schedules floundered. They were no more likely to swim in the correct location than you would expect by chance.
The results weren't caused by differences in lighting during swim sessions, because all rats experienced the same lighting conditions (about 300 lux) when they were in the Morris Water Maze.
And interestingly, the behavior outcomes were accompanied by visible differences in brain tissue.
When researchers looked in the hippocampus (a part of the brain associated with spatial learning), they found that the "dim light" rats had lower levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, or BDNF -- the substance that promotes the growth of new brain cells.
In addition, neurons in the hippocampus were physically different. The neurons of the "bright light" rats had more spines on their dendrites -- evidence that these neurons had grown stronger synapses, a hallmark of learning.
Finally, the researchers found they could change the brains of "dim light" rats by transferring them to the bright light condition. After four weeks, they too experienced increased BDNF and grew more dendritic spines (Soler et al 2018).
What should we make of this?
Are the results caused by a methodological flaw, or a statistical fluke?
We need more research to know for sure, but so far, the evidence is promising.
The same researchers repeated their experiments on a group of female Nile grass rats, and, once again, they found evidence of serious learning impairments.
The females didn't show the same reductions in BDNF that had been observed in the male rats, but they experienced the same reductions in synaptic growth, and their learning impairments (in the dim light condition) were even more severe (Soler et al 2019). In Nile grass rats, at least, there really does seem to be something going on.
Are the results applicable to humans?
We can't assume that humans would experience similar learning problems. But our basic physiology has a lot in common with these animals, so I think it would be foolish to assume the research is irrelevant.
And given all the other good reasons we have to expose our children to plentiful daylight, we have nothing to lose by making an extra effort to ensure that every child gets his or her time in the sun.
Yes, we need to take precautions against harmful UVB rays. Sunscreen and hats are important protections when sunlight is intense. But we shouldn't regard sunlight as a troublesome health threat on the one hand, or a luxurious perk on the other. Kids need daylight for their health and well-being.
More reading
Kids need daylight, but it isn't just the light that's good. Research suggests that being outdoors -- in nature -- is intrinsically beneficial. More more information, see this article. In addition, read more about BDNF and the cognitive effects of exercise.
References: Bright light, bright mind: Why kids need daylight to learn and thrive
Note to the reader: It's not easy to find reports of illumination levels in scholarly publications. The numbers cited in my introduction are based on information from Cronin et al 2014; Norton 2016; Norton and Siegwart 2013; Dahrani et al 2017; and Morden et al 2018. See below for full citations.
Barkmann C, Wessolowski N, Schulte-Markwort M. 2012. Applicability and efficacy of variable light in schools. Physiol Behav. 105(3):621-7.
Borg SA, Buckley H, Owen R, Marin AC, Lu Y, Eyles D, Lacroix D, Reilly GC, Skerry TM, Bishop NJ. 2018. Early life vitamin D depletion alters the postnatal response to skeletal loading in growing and mature bone. PLoS One. 13(1):e0190675.
Carson EL, Pourshahidi LK, Hill TR, Cashman KD, Strain JJ, Boreham CA, Mulhern MS1. Vitamin D, Muscle Function, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Adolescents From the Young Hearts Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 100(12):4621-8.
Chellappa SL, Gordijn MC, Cajochen C. 2011. Can light make us bright? Effects of light on cognition and sleep. Prog Brain Res. 190:119-33.
Chew A, Harris SS. 2013. Does vitamin D affect timing of menarche? Nutr Rev. 71(3):189-93.
Choi K and Suk HJ. 2016. Dynamic lighting system for the learning environment: performance of elementary students. Opt Express. 24(10):A907-16.
Cronin TW, Johnsen S, Marshall NJ, Warrant EJ. 2014. Vision in dim light. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Dharani R, Lee CF, Theng ZX, Drury VB, Ngo C, Sandar M, Wong TY, Finkelstein EA, Saw SM. 2012. Comparison of measurements of time outdoors and light levels as risk factors for myopia in young Singapore children. Eye (Lond). 26(7):91
El-Fakhri N, McDevitt H, Shaikh MG, Halsey C, Ahmed SF. 2014. Vitamin D and its effects on glucose homeostasis, cardiovascular function and immune function. Horm Res Paediatr. 81(6):363-78.
Gabel V, Maire M, Reichert CF, Chellappa SL, Schmidt C, Hommes V, Viola AU, Cajochen C. 2013. Effects of artificial dawn and morning blue light on daytime cognitive performance, well-being, cortisol and melatonin levels. Chronobiol Int. 30(8):988-97.
Grung B, Sandvik AM, Hjelle K, Dahl L, Frøyland L, Nygård I, Hansen AL. 2017. Linking vitamin D status, executive functioning and self-perceived mental health in adolescents through multivariate analysis: A randomized double-blind placebo control trial. Scand J Psychol. 58(2):123-130.
Hazell TJ, DeGuire JR, Weiler HA. 2012. Vitamin D: an overview of its role in skeletal muscle physiology in children and adolescents. Nutr Rev. 70(9):520-33.
Hoel DG, Berwick M, de Gruijl FR, Holick MF. 2016. The risks and benefits of sun exposure. Dermatoendocrinol. 8(1):e1248325.
Leichtfried V, Mair-Raggautz M, Schaeffer V, Hammerer-Lercher A, Mair G, Bartenbach 4, Canazei M, Schobersberger W. 2015. Intense illumination in the morning hours improved mood and alertness but not mental performance. Appl Ergon. 46 Pt A:54-9.
Maruani J and Geoffroy PA. 2019. Bright Light as a Personalized Precision Treatment of Mood Disorders. Front Psychiatry. 10:85.
Mordon S, Vignion-Dewalle AS, Thecua E, Vicentini C, Maire C, Deleporte P, Baert G, Lecomte F, Mortier L. 2018. Can daylight-PDT be performed indoor? G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 153(6):811-816.
Mott MS, Robinson DH, Williams-Black TH, McClelland SS. 2014. The supporting effects of high luminous conditions on grade 3 oral reading fluency scores. Springerplus. 25;3:53.
Mott MS, Robinson DH, Walden AS, Burnette J, Rutherford AS. 2012. Illuminating the Effects of Dynamic Lighting on Student Learning. Sage Open 2(2): 1-9.
Norton TT. 2016. What Do Animal Studies Tell Us about the Mechanism of Myopia-Protection by Light? Optom Vis Sci. 93(9):1049-51.
Norton TT and Siegwart, Jr., JT. 2013. Light Levels, Refractive Development, and Myopia – a Speculative Review. Exp Eye Res. 114: 48–57
Soler JE, Stumpfig M, Tang YP, Robison AJ, Núñez AA, Yan L. 2019. Daytime Light Intensity Modulates Spatial Learning and Hippocampal Plasticity in Female Nile Grass Rats (Arvicanthis niloticus). Neuroscience. 404:175-183.
Soler JE, Robison AJ, Núñez AA, Yan L. 2018. Light modulates hippocampal function and spatial learning in a diurnal rodent species: A study using male nile grass rat (Arvicanthis niloticus). Hippocampus. 28(3):189-200.
Te Kulve M, Schlangen LJM, Schellen L, Frijns AJH, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. 2017. The impact of morning light intensity and environmental temperature on body temperatures and alertness. Physiol Behav. 175:72-81.
Yan L, Lonstein JS, Nunez AA. 2018. Light as a modulator of emotion and cognition: Lessons learned from studying a diurnal rodent. Horm Behav. pii: S0018-506X(18)30250-2.
Zhou Z, Chen T, Wang M, Jin L, Zhao Y, Chen S, Wang C, Zhang G, Wang Q, Deng Q, Liu Y, Morgan IG, He M, Liu Y, Congdon N. 2017. Pilot study of a novel classroom designed to prevent myopia by increasing children's exposure to outdoor light. PLoS One. 12(7):e0181772.
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Image credit for "kids need daylight':
Title image of happy toddler in sunlight and smoke by Graham Crumb / flickr
Image of boy on hammock by Kelley Boone / flickr
Image of girls on a trail by Kandukuru Nagarjun / flickr
Child in sunlit forest by Philippe Put / flickr
Content of "Kids need daylight" last modified 4/2019
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