© 2008-2018 Gwen Dewar, PH.D., all rights reserved
Toy blocks, also called "building blocks," are solid shapes used for construction play.
Some are simple planks made of wood. Others are fancy, like the interlocking bricks of plastic made by Lego and MegaBlox.
But whatever form they take, blocks can function as powerful learning tools. Studies suggest that toy blocks can help children develop
- motor skills and hand-eye coordination,
- spatial reasoning,
- cognitive flexibility,
- language skills,
- a capacity for creative, divergent thinking,
- social competence, and
- engineering skills.
There is also evidence that complex block-play is linked with higher mathematical achievement.
How does it all happen? It's easy to see how stacking and arranging toy blocks could stimulate a toddler's motor development. But for other skills, it's likely that kids need to do more than simply move blocks around.
Research suggests that kids benefit when construction play incorporates additional elements, including:
- building from templates,
- engaging in cooperative projects, and
- talking with others about spatial relationships.
Here is a review of the evidence, and some tips for enriching block play.
1. Toy blocks promote better spatial reasoning
We know there are links between spatial skills and construction play.
For example, when Yvonne Caldera and her colleagues observed the construction activities of 51 preschoolers, they discovered a pattern:
The kids who showed more interest in construction -- and built more sophisticated structures -- performed better on a standardized test of spatial intelligence (Caldera et al 1999).
The same pattern has been reported by others (Oostermeijer et al 2014; Richardson et al 2014; Jirout and Newcombe 2015). But of course we can't assume that block-play causes children to develop superior spatial skills. Maybe causation works the other way. Kids with advanced spatial skills may be more motivated to play with toy blocks!
That probably explains some of the pattern. Yet there is also good reason to think that construction play has developmental effects.
When researchers assigned kindergartners to participate in a program of guided construction play, these kids subsequently outperformed their peers on tests of spatial visualization, block building, and "mental rotation" -- the ability to rotate and analyze 3-D shapes in the "mind's eye" (Casey et al 2008).
And a more recent experimental study tested the effects of structured block play -- the sort of play we engage in when we reproduce a structure from a model or blueprint.
After a group of 8-year-olds participated in just five, 30-minute sessions of structured block play, they showed improvements in mental rotation.
In addition, brain scans revealed changes in the way their brains processed spatial information. Kids in a control group did not exhibit these changes (Newman et al 2016). Read more about it here.
2. Structured block play may enhance cognitive flexibility
"Cognitive flexibility" is the ability to quickly shift your focus from one relevant stimulus to another. It's clearly important for success in school. But some kids struggle with it, and certain environmental factors -- like low socioeconomic status -- put children at higher risk for developmental delays.
Can toy blocks help? A recent experimental study suggests they might. Sara Schmitt and her colleagues randomly assigned some kids to engage in daily sessions of structured block play. In early sessions, the tasks were relatively simple (e.g., "build a tower"). But as kids became more familiar with the materials, they were given more demanding tasks (e.g., "copy the structure you see in this picture").
The researchers didn't observe any dramatic changes over time. But by the end of study, the kids who'd participated in structured block play showed improvements in cognitive flexibility, and this was especially true for children from families of lower socioeconomic status (Schmitt et al 2018).
3. Toy blocks are linked with language development
Might kids also get a language boost from construction play? That seems possible.
For instance, there is evidence that very young children develop better language skills when they engage in regular block play.
In a study sponsored by Mega Bloks, researchers gave blocks to middle- and low-income toddlers (Christakis et al 2007). The kids ranged in age from 1.5 to 2.5 years, and were randomly assigned to receive one of two treatments:
- Kids in the treatment group got two sets of toy Mega Bloks--80 plastic interlocking blocks and a set of specialty blocks, including cars and people--at the beginning of the study. The parents of these toddlers were given instructions for encouraging block play.
- Kids in the control group did not get blocks until the end of the study. The parents of these kids received no instructions about block play.
Parents in both groups were asked to keep time diaries of their children's activities. Parents weren't told the real purpose of the study--only that their kids were part of a study of child time use.
After six months, each parent completed a follow-up interview that included an assessment of the child's verbal ability (the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories).
The results?
Kids in the group assigned to play with blocks
- scored higher on parent-reported tests of vocabulary, grammar, and verbal comprehension, and
- showed a non-significant trend towards watching less TV
It's not clear why block play had this effect. One possibility is that the children didn't really differ after all -- it was merely that parents in the treatment group perceived greater language competence in their children. Encouraging block play might have motivated them to pay more attention to their toddlers' development.
But it's plausible that parents in the treatment group spent more time talking with their children, which could explain the language gains. Children learn to talk by engaging in lots of one-on-one conversations with other people.
There is also evidence that kids develop an enriched understanding of spatial vocabulary when we talk with them about spatial relationships.
In one recent experiment, researchers instructed mothers to use relevant spatial language as they played with their 5-year-old children, and the effort made a difference: Kids exposed to this spatial talk were more likely to use spatial language themselves (Boriello and Liben 2018).
4. Toy blocks may stimulate creative, divergent problem-solving
Psychologists recognize two major types of problem. Convergent problems have only one correct solution. Divergent problems can be solved in multiple ways.
Because kids can put together blocks in a variety of ways, block play is divergent play. And divergent play with blocks may prepare kids to think creatively and better solve divergent problems.
In one experiment, researchers presented preschoolers with two types of play materials (Pepler and Ross 1981).
- Some kids got materials for convergent play (puzzle pieces).
- Other kids were given materials for divergent play (chunky, block-like foam shapes).
- Kids were given time to play and then were tested on their ability to solve problems.
The results? The kids who played with blocks performed better on divergent problems. They also showed more creativity in their attempts to solve the problems (Pepler and Ross 1981).
5. Cooperative construction play helps kids improve social skills
Research suggests that kids become friendlier and more socially-savvy when they work on cooperative construction projects.
For example, in studies of children with autism, kids who attended play group sessions with toy blocks made greater social improvements than did kids who were coached in the social use of language (Owens et al 2008; Legoff and Sherman 2006).
And research on normally-developing kids suggests that kids who work on cooperative projects form higher-quality friendships (Roseth et al 2009).
6. Kids who are skilled with toy blocks tend to become better mathematicians
Block play has been linked with math skills, too. In one study, the complexity of a child's LEGO play at the age of 4 years had long-term predictive power: More complex play during the preschool years was correlated with higher mathematics achievement in high school, even after controlling for a child's IQ (Wolfgang et al 2001; 2003).
Other research has revealed links between a child's ability to recreate specific structures and his or her current mathematical skills (Verdine et al 2013; Oostermejier et al 2014; Richardson et al 2014).
And a study in the Netherlands found that 6th grade students who spent more free time in construction play performed better on a test of mathematics word problems (Oostermejier et al 2014).
Does this mean playing with toy blocks causes long-term enhancements in mathematical ability?
Not necessarily. But in the previously-mentioned experimental study of preschoolers led by Sara Schmitt, the researchers found evidence that structured block play improved mathematical ability as well as cognitive flexibility. This, at any rate, was the case for children from homes of lower socioeconomic status (Schmitt et al 2018).
Given the well-known link between spatial ability and mathematics achievement, it's plausible that structured block play could enhance math skills indirectly, via improvements in spatial reasoning.
7. Construction play helps kids develop engineering skills
KEVA planks at the Long Island Children's Museum (image: LIWriter)It's easy to see how construction play could teach valuable lessons about architecture and engineering. Builders who create small-scale structures must cope with the same laws of physics that constrain the design of bridges and cathedrals.
That's why engineers and scientists build physical models: It helps them test and explore their ideas.
Studies also suggest that students learn best about physical forces when they experience them first-hand (Hayes and Kraemer 2017). So if we want kids to develop an intuitive grasp of mechanical forces -- like the forces of tension and compression -- construction play offers excellent learning opportunities.
In one recent student, researchers taught 6th graders the principles of engineering through a hands-on program in the design and construction of earthquake-proof buildings (English et al 2017).
So it seems that toy blocks are an excellent educational investment. LEGOs appeal to many, but my personal favorites are these planks: KEVA Contraptions Plank Set
, and KAPLA 200 Blocks Natural Unfinished Wood Pine Planks with Storage Bin and Guide Book 
.
These systems of identical planks have been featured as popular, hands-on exhibits in many science and children's museums. But beware -- building with them requires some dexterity, patience, and good humor. They topple easily, and may not be appropriate for young children who are still developing these skills.
Six tips: Getting the most from your toy blocks
1. Engage young children by participating yourself -- and engaging them in spatial talk
The research above suggests that kids get more from block play when someone demonstrates how to build with them. Kids also benefit when we talk with them about spatial ideas.
2. Encourage cooperative building projects
Younger children sometimes need help breaking the ice, so play the part of a party host to get joint building projects started.
3. Challenge kids with specific building tasks
Free-wheeling block play is important. But as we've seen, it's likely that kids also reap special benefits from trying to match a structure to a template. To get started, suggest a type of structure to build. You can use pictures and diagrams to inspire or guide a construction project.
4. Remember that fantasy is a valuable aspect of play -- even play with toy blocks
Construction play seems so obviously mechanical, it's easy to think only of the development of practical engineering skills. But kids also benefit from fantasy and make-believe.
For example, experiments suggest that kids become more creative and inventive when they are exposed to stories about magic (Thibodeau et al 2016; Subbotsky et al 2010). And encouraging preschoolers to engage in imaginative, fantastical, pretend play may help them develop better executive function skills, like impulse control (Thibodeau et al 2016).
So if your child's block-play seems focused more on fantasy than engineering, he or she is still reaping important cognitive benefits.
5. Stimulate interest in toy blocks by providing children with character toys and other accessories.
Is your child a reluctant builder? Take a cue from the experiment on language skills in toddlers: The researchers didn't just give kids toy blocks. They also provided children with appropriately-scaled accessory toys, like people and cars. Such toys give kids ideas for construction projects (e.g., a barn for a toy cow) and encourage pretend play.
6. Combine block play with story-time.
Researcher Janie Heisner used toy blocks and block- accessories to illustrate parts of the stories she read to kids in a preschool (Heisner 2005). After each story, the kids were given access to the props. This tactic seemed to increase pretend play. It also gave kids ideas for things to build.
More reading
Do construction toys inspire kids pursue careers in science, technology, math, or engineering? Read more about toy blocks and STEM skills. And for more evidence-based information about the value of play, see this guide to educational toys and games.
References: Toy blocks and construction toys
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Casey BM, Andrews N, Schindler H, Kersh JE, Samper A and Copley J. 2008. The development of spatial skills through interventions involving block building activities. Cognition and Instruction (26): 269-309.
Christakis DA, Zimmerman FJ, and Garrison MM. 2007. Effect of block play on language acquisition and attention in toddlers: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 161(10):967-71.
English LD, King D, and Smeed J. 2017. Advancing integrated STEM learning through engineering design: Sixth-grade students’ design and construction of earthquake resistant buildings. Journal of Educational Research 110(3): 255-271.
Heisner J. 2005. Telling Stories with Blocks: Encouraging Language in the Block Center Early Childhood Research and Practice 7(2).
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Schmitt SA, Korucu I, Napoli AR, Bryant LM, Purpura DJ. 2018. Using block play to enhance preschool children’s mathematics and executive functioning: A randomized controlled trial. Early Childhood Research Quarterly 44: 181-191.
Sprafkin C, Serbin LA, Denier C and Connor JM. 1983. Sex-differentiated play: Cognitive consequences and early interventions. In MB Liss (ed), Social and cognitive skills: Sex roles and child’s play. New York: Academic Press.
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Subbotsky E, Hysted C, and Jones N. 2010. Watching films with magical content facilitates creativity in children. Percept Mot Skills 111(1):261-77.
Thibodeau RB, Gilpin AT, Brown MM, Meyer BA. 2016. The effects of fantastical pretend-play on the development of executive functions: An intervention stud. J Exp Child Psychol. 145:120-38.
Verdine BN, Golinkoff RM, Hirsh-Pasek K, Newcombe NS, Filipowicz AT, Chang A. 2013. Deconstructing Building Blocks: Preschoolers' Spatial Assembly Performance Relates to Early Mathematical Skills. Child Dev. 2013 Sep 23. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12165. [Epub ahead of print]
Wolfgang CH, Stannard LL, and Jones I. 2003. Advanced constructional play with LEGOs among preschoolers as a predictor of later school achievement in mathematics. Early Child Development and Care 173(5): 467-475.
Wolfgang, Charles H.; Stannard, Laura L.; & Jones, Ithel. 2001. Block play performance among preschoolers as a predictor of later school achievement in mathematics. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 15(2), 173-180.
Image of minecraft Legos by minecraft 21115 / flickr (attributions and no deriv)
Image of girl with Legos by Baltimore Public Library / flickr
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